旭硝子財団助成研究成果報告2022

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103Megawati ZUNITA104Dudy Darmawan WIJAYAFormic Acid Production from Biomass using Ionic Liquid-Based Process(Project 2021)A space-based geodetic technique for mitigating hydro-meteorological disasters in Indonesia(Project 2021)74旭硝子財団　助成研究成果報告（2022）Bioenergy is an environmentally friendly alternative energy that can be developed to reduce air pollution caused by emissions from fossil fuels. Cellulose is a biomass that is not consumed by humans, and it is abundant, particularly in tropical Indonesia. In addition to obtaining relatively high bioenergy production efficiency, researchers must consider environmental aspects in bioenergy production from cellulosic biomass. The 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([DMIM]Br)-based ionic liquid (IL) was used in this study to convert microcrystalline cellulose biomass into a variety of appropriate chemical products. The [DMIM]Br was successfully synthesized from the precursors 1-methylimidazole and 1-bromodekane in 25 seconds using the MAOS (Microwave Assisted Organic Synthesis) technique. NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) and FT-IR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) spectroscopy methods were used to validate the IL's structure. Then, [DMIM]Br was used in the conversion of microcrystalline cellulose by varying the reaction temperature parameters and sulfuric acid catalyst concentration in the range of 0 to 1 M. The cellulose was baked for 2 hours in the oven. The GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy) instrument was used to characterize microcrystalline cellulose biomass conversion products. At a temperature of 140 oC, a 1 M sulfuric acid catalyst is used to produce formic acid with a high efficiency of 89.32 % and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural compound. Acetic acid is more likely to form than levulinic acid at 170 oC.Hydro-meteorological disasters in Indonesia may appear into many different forms such as floods, flash floods, drought, severe weather, extreme waves, forests, and land fires. It is widely known that climate changes become the main factor in triggering hydro-meteorological disasters. To mitigate such potential disasters over Indonesian region, it is necessary to thoroughly observe, monitor and investigate long-term climate changes over the region. Since atmospheric water vapour plays a crucial role in the global climate changes, hydro-meteorological disasters management may therefore take advantages from the availability of long-term observations of atmospheric water vapour. To support hydro-meteorological disasters management, it is therefore necessary to establish an automatic monitoring system that can accurately observe and analyze long-term variations of atmospheric water vapour. In this research, we will use the availability of space-based geodetic data and, hence, the system will exploit the data from space geodesy and will be designed to routinely estimate and monitor long-term variations of water vapour. Once the system has been fully operational, it will then be a complementary part for the Indonesian Early Warning System. It is important to point out here that realizing the system into practice requires an optimal method for processing and analyzing the space geodetic data over the equatorial region of Indonesia. Therefore, the proposed research is addressed to consecutively achieve the following two-main goal: (1) to develop a new and optimal method for processing and analyzing space geodetic data over the equatorial region of Indonesia, and (2) to establish an automatic system for monitoring long-term variations of atmospheric water vapour.