118Santi NOVANI119Rukman HERTADIHow Collaboration Promotes the Circular Economy using Service Science Lens: Combining Soft and Hard System Methodology (Case Study: Food and Beverage in Indonesia)(Project 2023)Application of Cobalt-Rhamnolipid Nanoparticles (Co-Rl NPs) as Pathogenic Antibacterial Agent(Project 2023)while the spatial model will use a Moran Index and statistic approach. The integrated model software will be used to develop better control strategies in endemic areas and will be validated using data from Dinas Kesehatan Jakarta, Bali and Bandung City. We also highlight the transmission of other viral diseases in the post-pandemic period as one of the achievements of this research (Influenza-Like Illness or ILI model), along with a Computer Program Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) related to the Early Warning calculation.This study employs a Soft Systems Dynamic Methodology (SSDM) approach to examine the integration of circular economy practices within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating within the food service sector in Indonesia. The study’s objective is to identify and address unstructured problems related to sustainability and circular economy practices using service science lens by analyzing collaborations, and sustainability visions of various food service enterprises, suppliers, and waste management organizations. A combination of qualitative interviews and thematic analysis was employed to identify key challenges and opportunities in the transition towards more sustainable business practices. The SSDM analysis visualised the complex interactions within the food service ecosystem, rategies, fostering strong partnerships, innovating product development, and raising awareness through education and engagement. The study provides actionable recommendations for both food service enterprises and policymakers, advocating for enhanced training programs, financial incentives, infrastructure investment, and continuous monitoring and evaluation. The implementation of these practices and the proposed interventions will enable the food service sector to significantly reduce its environmental impact, support local economies, and contribute to the development of a more resilient and sustainable industry.The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the critical importance of disinfectants and antiseptics, leading to increased use and concerns about antibacterial resistance. This has driven the search for alternatives like nanoparticles (NPs), known for their broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. Rhamnolipid, a biodegradable, low toxicity biosurfactant, has been used in nanoparticle synthesis. While combinations with metals like silver and copper are common, synergy with cobalt (Co) is less explored. Co is essential for human health and has diverse biomedical applications. This study investigates the synthesis of Cobalt-Rhamnolipid Nanoparticles(Co-Rl Nps) using the coprecipitation method and their antibacterial potential. Ectoine is added as co-solvent to disperse and reduce the irritating effects of Co-Rl Nps. Structural and elemental analysis using FTIR and EDS confirmed successful synthesis, with ionic or covalent bonds forming through rhamnolipids hydrophilic groups. TEM and PSA analyses showed Co-Rl Nps have a symmetrical round morphology with an average diameter of 235 nm. Antibacterial tests revealed that ethanol (5000 mg/L to 39 mg/L) did not inhibit Staphylococcus aureus growth. In contrast, Co-Rl Nps showed inhibition at 156 mg/L and bactericidal effects at 1250 mg/L, demonstrating enhanced antibacterial efficacy at lower concentrations than rhamnolipid or cobalt alone. The Co-Rl Nps had a potential irritant level of 31.22%, lower than SDS and 70% ethanol but higher than free rhamnolipid. Adding 0.8% ectoine reduced the irritant level by 7.97%, improving skin compatibility. This suggests ectoine effectively mitigates the irritant effects of Co-Rl Nps, highlighting its potential for safer industrial and biomedical formulations.82
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